Students’ perspectives on weight gain causes, prevention methods and barriers: Case study in Kazakhstan

Abstract

This cross-sectional study examined how university students in Kazakhstan perceive the causes of weight gain, the most effective prevention strategies, and the barriers to weight management. It also explored whether these beliefs predict Body Mass Index (BMI). A total of 376 undergraduates (aged 18–25) completed a questionnaire comprising 42 items on causes, 35 on prevention, and 34 on barriers. Principal component analyses, repeated measures ANOVAs, and hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to identify core belief dimensions and assess their predictive value for BMI. Five causal-belief factors emerged (50.57% variance explained), with “self-control” most strongly endorsed. Prevention strategies also produced five factors (54.45%), with “physical exercise/activity” rated highest and “medication/dietary supplements” lowest. Barriers yielded four factors (55.93%), where “self-control and motivation” dominated. Although causal beliefs did not predict BMI, prevention and barrier beliefs accounted for up to 10% of BMI variance. Specifically, endorsing “access to education/exercise” correlated with lower BMI (β = −0.16, p < .05), whereas emphasizing “healthier eating” predicted higher BMI (β = 0.24, p < .01). Structural and psychological factors substantially shape BMI, despite the frequent attribution of weight gain to personal willpower alone. Many students’ beliefs do not translate into lower BMIs. Integrating personalized strategies with accessible exercise facilities, nutrition education, and supportive policy measures can better address multifaceted barriers to healthy weight management among students.