Estimated health impact and economic loss from river water pollution

Abstract

Water pollution poses significant health risks, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to estimate the health impacts and economic losses associated with pollution in the Pusur River, emphasizing both non-carcinogenic risks and the financial burden on affected communities. The research employs the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) method to assess health risks, while economic losses are estimated using the Cost of Illness (COI) approach. Water quality was analyzed at Sudimoro and Cokro village sampling points during both dry and rainy seasons to determine pollutant levels of nitrate, cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu). Risk evaluation was conducted to measure exposure levels and the associated health risks for children and adults. Laboratory results indicate that nitrate concentrations in both seasons exceed the class 2 river water quality standard (>10 mg/L), whereas Cd and Cu levels remain below the standard (<0.02 mg/L). Children exhibit higher exposure levels than adults, yet the risk assessment shows that the non-carcinogenic risk levels for all pollutants remain within safe limits (Risk Quotient, RQ ≤ 1). Consequently, further risk management interventions were deemed unnecessary. The estimated COI for pollution-related diseases—such as typhoid, diarrhea, skin infections, and leptospirosis—varied across sub-districts: Rp 202,628,333 (community health centers) and Rp 501,654,333 (hospitals) in Tulung; Rp 73,605,833 (community health centers) and Rp 197,183,833 (hospitals) in Polanharjo; Rp 224,480,000 (community health centers) and Rp 607,499,000 (hospitals) in Delanggu; and Rp 156,805,000 (community health centers) and Rp 407,874,000 (hospitals) in Juwiring. The cost discrepancy between community health centers and hospitals averages 62%, indicating that government subsidies cover a significant portion of medical expenses. While pollutant exposure does not exceed hazardous thresholds, water pollution in the Pusur River still contributes to a substantial economic burden on healthcare services. The study highlights the need for continuous water quality monitoring and preventive measures to mitigate potential health risks. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in designing effective water pollution control strategies and optimizing healthcare subsidies to alleviate financial burdens on affected populations. Strengthening environmental regulations and improving public awareness of water contamination risks could further enhance community health outcomes.